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Helmut Josef Michael Kohl German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl] listen ; 3 April — 16 June was a German statesman and politician of the Christian Democratic Union CDU who served as the chancellor of Germany from to of West Germany antje fuchs dissertation, —; and of reunified Germany— and as chairman of the CDU from to Kohl's year tenure is the longest of any German Chancellor since Otto von Bismarckand oversaw the end of the Cold Warthe German reunification and the creation of the European Union.
Born in in Antje fuchs dissertation to a Catholic family, Kohl joined the Christian Democratic Union in at the age of He earned a PhD in history at Heidelberg University inand worked as a business executive before becoming a full-time politician. He was elected as antje fuchs dissertation youngest member of the Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate in and from to was minister president of the Rhineland-Palatinate state.
Viewed during the s and the early s as a progressive within the CDU, he was elected national chairman of the party antje fuchs dissertation After he had become party leader, Kohl was increasingly seen as a more conservative figure.
In the and federal elections his party performed well, but the social-liberal government of social democrat Helmut Schmidt was able to remain in power, antje fuchs dissertation. After Schmidt had lost the support of the liberal FDP inKohl was elected Chancellor through a constructive vote antje fuchs dissertation no confidenceforming a coalition government with the FDP. Kohl chaired the Group of Seven in and As Chancellor, Kohl was committed to European integration and especially to the Franco—German relationship; he was also a steadfast ally of the United States and supported Ronald Reagan 's more aggressive policies in order to weaken the Soviet Union.
Following the Revolutions ofhis government acted decisively, culminating in the German reunification in Kohl and French president François Mitterrand were the architects of the Maastricht Treaty which established the European Union EU and the Euro currency. He played an instrumental role in solving the Bosnian War. Domestically Kohl's policies from focused on integrating former East Germany into reunified Germany, and he moved the federal capital from the "provisional capital" Bonn back to Berlinalthough he himself never resided there because the government offices were only relocated in Kohl also greatly increased federal spending on arts and culture.
After his chancellorship, Kohl became honorary chairman of the CDU in but resigned from the position in in the wake of the CDU donations scandal which damaged his reputation domestically. Kohl received the Charlemagne Prize and was named Honorary Citizen of Europe by the European heads of state or government in Following his deathKohl was antje fuchs dissertation with the first-ever European act of state in Strasbourg. Presidents George H, antje fuchs dissertation. Bush [3] and Bill Clinton.
Kohl was born on 3 April in Ludwigshafen. He was the third child of Hans Kohl —[5] a Bavarian army veteran and civil servant, and his wife, Cäcilie née Schnur; — Kohl's family was conservative and Catholic, antje fuchs dissertation remained loyal to the Catholic Centre Party before antje fuchs dissertation after His elder brother died in World War II as a teenage soldier.
At the age of ten, Kohl was obliged, like most children in Germany at the time, to join the Deutsches Jungvolka section of the Hitler Youth. Antje fuchs dissertation 15, on 20 AprilKohl was sworn into the Hitler Youth by leader Artur Axmann at Berchtesgadenjust days before the end of the war, antje fuchs dissertation, as membership was mandatory for all boys of his age. Kohl was also antje fuchs dissertation for military service in ; he was not involved in any combat, a fact he later referred to as the "mercy of late birth" German: Gnade der späten Geburt.
Kohl attended the Ruprecht Elementary School, antje fuchs dissertation, and continued at the Max-Planck-Gymnasium. Kohl was the first in his family to attend university. After graduating inKohl became a fellow at the Alfred Weber Institute of Heidelberg University under Dolf Sternberger [13] where he was an active member of the student society AIESEC. InKohl joined the recently founded CDU[17] becoming a full member once he turned 18 in InKohl became vice-chair of the Junge Union in Rhineland-Palatinate[19] being a member of the board until In JanuaryKohl ran for a seat on the board of the Rhineland-Palatinate CDU, losing just narrowly to the state's Minister of Family Affairs, Franz-Josef Wuermeling.
In earlyKohl was elected chairman of the Ludwigshafen district branch of the CDU, as well as candidate for the upcoming state elections. On 19 AprilKohl was elected as the youngest member of the state diet, the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. Following the next state election inhe took over as chairman, a position he held until he became Minister-President in In MarchKohl was elected as chairman of antje fuchs dissertation party in Rhineland-Palatinate, while Altmeier once again ran for minister-president in the state elections inagreeing to hand the post over to Kohl after two years, halfway into the legislative period.
Kohl was elected minister-president of Rhineland-Palatinate on 19 Mayantje fuchs dissertation the successor to Peter Altmeier. As ofhe was the youngest person ever to be elected as head of government in a German Bundesland. His government abolished school corporal punishment and the parochial schooltopics that had been controversial with the conservative wing of his party. Kohl moved up into the federal board Vorstand of the CDU in As a member of the board and the executive committee, Antje fuchs dissertation pushed towards a party reform, supporting liberal stances in education and social policies, including employee antje fuchs dissertation. When a proposal by the board was put to vote at a party convention in early in DüsseldorfKohl was unable to prevail against protest coming from the conservative wing of the party around Alfred Dregger and the sister party CSUcosting him support at the liberal wing of the party.
To make matters worse, in a mistake during the voting process, Kohl himself voted against the proposal, further angering his supporters, such as party treasurer Walther Leisler Kiep. Nevertheless, when Kiesinger stepped down as party chairman inKohl was a candidate for his succession. He was unsuccessful, losing the vote to Barzel to The attempt failed, as two members of the opposition voted against Barzel. After Barzel announced on 10 May that he would not run for the post of party chairman again, Kohl succeeded him at a party convention in Bonn on 12 Juneamassing of votes, with him as the only candidate.
When chancellor Brandt stepped down in May following the unravelling of the Guillaume AffairKohl urged his party to restrain from Schadenfreude and not to use the position of their political opponent for "cheap polemics", antje fuchs dissertation.
On 9 MarchKohl and the CDU faced re-election in Rhineland-Palatinate, antje fuchs dissertation. What placed Kohl, who intended to run for chancellor, under increased pressure was the fact that the sister parties of CDU and CSU were set to decide upon their leading candidate for the upcoming federal elections in mid CSU chairman Franz Josef Strauß had ambitions to run and publicly put Kohl under pressure over what a result would be acceptable in the state elections.
On election day, the CDU antje fuchs dissertation a result of Strauß' bid for the chancellorship was further put into jeopardy when in March the magazine Der Spiegel published a transcript of a speech held in Novemberin which Strauß claimed that the Red Army Factiona West German armed struggle group responsible for multiple attacks at the time, had sympathizers in the ranks of the SPD and FDP.
The scandal deeply unsettled the public and effectively ruled out Strauß for the candidacy. On 12 Maythe federal board of the CDU unanimously nominated Kohl as the candidate for the general elections, without consulting their Bavarian sister party beforehand. In reaction, the CSU nominated Strauß and only a mediation by former chancellor Kiesinger was able to resolve the issue and confirm Kohl as the candidate for both parties.
Strauß took the discord as a starting point to evaluate chances of expanding the CSU on the federal level, such as having separate electoral lists in the states of North Rhine-WestphaliaLower Saxony, Hamburg, and Bremen. He hoped to draw away right-wing voters from the FDP towards the CSU and went as far as having private meetings with industrialists in North Rhine-Westphalia. These attempts led to discomfort within the membership base of the CDU and hampered both parties' chances in the upcoming elections, antje fuchs dissertation.
Kohl himself remained silent during these tensions, which some interpreted as a lack of leadership, while others such as future president Karl Carstens praised him for seeking a consensus at the centre of the party. They were kept out of government by the center-left cabinet formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Free Democratic Partyled by Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt. He was succeeded by Bernhard Antje fuchs dissertation. Strauß was also unable to defeat the coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD and the Free Democratic Party FDP.
Kohl remained as leader of the opposition, antje fuchs dissertation, under the third Schmidt cabinet — The FDP wanted to radically liberalise the labour market, while the SPD preferred greater job security.
On 1 Octoberthe CDU proposed a constructive vote of no confidence which was supported by the FDP. The motion carried. Many of the important details of the new coalition had been hammered out on 20 September, though minor details were reportedly still being hammered out as the vote took place.
Though Kohl's election was done according to the Basic Lawit came amid some controversy. The FDP had fought its campaign on the side of the SPD and even placed Chancellor Schmidt on some of their campaign posters. There were also doubts that the new government had the support of a majority of the people.
In answer, antje fuchs dissertation, the new government aimed at new elections at the earliest possible date. Polls suggested that a clear majority was indeed in reach. As the Basic Law only allows the dissolution of parliament after an unsuccessful confidence motion, Kohl had to antje fuchs dissertation another controversial move: he called for a confidence vote only a month after being sworn in, which he intentionally lost because the members of his coalition abstained.
President Karl Carstens then dissolved the Bundestag at Kohl's request and called new elections, antje fuchs dissertation. The move was controversial, as the coalition parties denied their votes to the same man they had elected Chancellor a month before and whom they wanted to re-elect after the parliamentary election.
However, antje fuchs dissertation, this step was condoned by the German Federal Constitutional Court as a legal instrument, and was again applied by SPD Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in In the federal elections of MarchKohl won a resounding victory.
Some opposition members of the Bundestag asked the Federal Constitutional Court to declare the whole proceeding unconstitutional. It denied their claim, but did set restrictions on a similar move in the future. The second Kohl cabinet pushed through several controversial plans, including the stationing of NATO midrange missiles, antje fuchs dissertation, against major opposition antje fuchs dissertation the peace movement.
On 22 Septemberantje fuchs dissertation, Kohl met the French president François Mitterrand at Verdunwhere the Battle of Verdun between France and Germany had taken place during World War I. Together, antje fuchs dissertation, they commemorated the deaths of both World Wars. The photograph, which depicted their minutes long handshake became an important symbol of French-German reconciliation. Kohl and Mitterrand developed a close political relationship, forming an important motor for European integration.
Inantje fuchs dissertation, alongside European leaders from 16 other countries, they founded Eureka : a research and development network of national funding ministries and agencies distinct from the European Union that fund and support collaborative international projects. This French-German cooperation also was vital for important European projects, antje fuchs dissertation, like the Treaty of Maastricht and the Euro.
InKohl and U. President Ronald Reaganas part of a plan to observe the 40th anniversary of V-E Daysaw an opportunity to demonstrate the strength of the friendship that existed between Germany and its former foe. During a November visit to the White House, Kohl appealed to Reagan to join him in symbolising the reconciliation of their two countries at a German military cemetery.
Reagan visited Germany as part of the 11th G7 summit in Bonn; the he and Kohl visited Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 5 May and the German military cemetery at Bitburg. There was widespread outrage when the media reported that this cemetery had the graves of SS soldiers but no Americans.
Reagan considered that escalating Cold War confrontations with the Kremlin required his strong for Kohl. Kohl's chancellorship presided over a number of innovative policy measures. Extensions in unemployment benefit for older claimants were introduced, while the benefit for the young unemployed was extended to age Ina child-rearing allowance was introduced to benefit parents when at antje fuchs dissertation one was employed.
Informal carers were offered an attendance allowance together with tax incentives, both of which were established with the tax reforms ofantje fuchs dissertation, and were also guaranteed up to 25 hours a month of professional support, which was supplemented by four weeks of annual holiday relief.
Conference: “Drawing inference from lineups\
, time: 58:50Musenblätter - Das unabhängige Kulturmagazin
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl] (); 3 April – 16 June ) was a German statesman and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as the chancellor of Germany from to (of West Germany, –; and of reunified Germany, –) and as chairman of the CDU from to Anmerkung: Link zur Website folgt. Kommissarischer Leiter: Prof. Dr. med. Ingo Just. Sekretariat: Renate Kessebom Tel: +49 Fax: +49 ' '' ''' - --
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